Germany and the Jewish Question

From the day, when the national socialist party took over the Government in Germany and thereby started to solve the Jewish problem in the country, the world public opinion has been increasingly occupied with the Jewish problem. Thereby the state of affairs in Germany have often been protested against and condemned, as if antisemitism were a German matter only, a national socialist invention so to speak, which is unknown to and not understood by the rest of the world. These foreign critics must admit to-day, that the Jewish problem is no longer limited to Germany, that it is very much an urgent matter for statesmen in many countries and that it has already lead to pronounced precautions against Jews. Whether these precautions are a result of Germany’s example, we shall not go into here. It is a fact, that the Jewish problem has at this time become acute. There is hardly any country, which does not have a need to contribute to the solution of this problem.

When one is dealing with the German attitude to the Jewish problem, one is also dealing with an important theme in the international politics of to-day and one is therefore obligated to investigate this problem thoroughly and fully.

I is a mistake to believe, that the Jewish problem has arisen during the last few decades and that it is only a matter for our modern age. It is neither a national socialist invention nor a result of racist-antisemitic currents, which began at the end of the past century. If national socialism can boast about any originality in this area, then it can only be, that it has drawn logical conclusions from historic facts. The German attitude is based on the experience of two thousand years in the Occident, experience, which especially in the case of Germany during the past few decades has become the cause of the greatest political disaster.

The Jewish problem is actually about two thousand years old. Strictly speaking even older – as old as the history of the Jews itself. One can speak of it everywhere in the world, where Jewry as a popular-racial minority has collided with sedentary host-populations.

These historic facts, which can be traced down through the ages, is admitted by Jewry itself. “Jüdische Lexikon” (Jewish Lexicon), the standard work of the German Jews (which was written BEFORE the take over of national socialism, mind you) testifies to the historic eternity of the Jewish problem in the following words (Vol. III, col. 421): “The Jewish question is just as old as the co-existence between the peculiar Jewish people, which is different from all other people, and the others.”

One might call it a peculiar and basically inexplicable historic phenomenon, that Jewry has never really found itself a final home and a lasting room for the unfolding of political and popular life, but on the other hand it has never been absorbed in any of the numerous host-countries, which gave room for the scattered children of Israel.

This strange Jewish fate incidentally progesses in large waves. There has been periods, where the Jewish problem seemed to have been solved, because the strangers seemed completely adapted and had erased their traces. During these golden periods of the history of the Jewish people, there did not seem to be a Jewish problem any more. But then it broke out again with full force. The illusion of peace and happiness disappeared and after the years of peace and quiet, Ahasverus had to take the wandering staff again.

The first expulsions of Jews we find already in anchient Palaestinean history. Around 700 b.C. the Assyrian king, Sarrukin and after him in the year 586 b.C. king Nebukadnezar of Babylon forced the Jews to leave the country. Already the persecutions in Alexandria and the Roman’s destruction of the temple (70 a.D.) started an epoch with Jewish problems much like those of to-day. The time of the crusades, the expulsion from England under Edward I. (1290) and from Spain (1492) are other periods of the eternal Jewish wandering. Every century in history knows of expulsions of Jews. Every country in the West has tried to defend itself through progroms on the Jews.

It is evident from the historic examples, that the sedentary people during all this time has considered the Jews strange and different, they did not stand out because of their religion only. Only under the conditions of the Aliens Acts were they granted hospitality. It may be significant, that where the state was weak and in debt, the limitations of the Jews were loosened and penetrated by special priviledges. Thus for example the very large number of Jews in Eastern Europe, which can be considered the reservoir of modern Jewry, can partly be explained by the centuries of weakness in the former kingdom of Poland.

At the beginning of the socalled recent times, there has been a period of appearently definitive peace for the restless Jewry. It was the Age of Enlightenment with its belief in progess and human rights, and it was believed, that the Jewish problem could be solved through these ideals During this period the Jews were just followers of a religion, which had to be accepted along with other religions. Suddenly they were no longer the strangers, the peculiar ones.

All differences between them and the sedentary host populations were annulled after the Frensh revolution in 1789, even if only in principle. They were cancelled in practice in the ongoing legislative process and the social order.

The 19^th century was completely dedicated to the emancipation and assimilation of Jewry. During this period everybody thought the Jewish problem best solved by speaking of it as little as possible and by removing all existing barriers. Jewry, especially in the Western European countries were inspired by a strong desire to become one with the host populations. Breach of religion and mixed marriages were the preferred means by which the Jews, in the words of the Jewish poet Heinrich Heine, acquired “a ticket to the European culture” and thereby also the expectation of leading positions in the political, cultural and economic life. Many of these assimilated Jews have had an honest intention to put aside their Jewishness like a narrow mantle and to mingle with the host population without calling attention to their descent.

The height of this assimilation period has been the last three decades. Israel had become king everywhere. But there can be no doubt, that this epoch is now at an end. The brightest minds of Jewry have recognized already decades ago, that the counterreactions would soon have to set in with irresistible force. Already forty years ago, Dr. Walther Rathenau in his writing “Listen, Israel” questioned the assimilation. There he says of his fellow Jews, who were in the process of taking over the last, decisive positions in the public life of their host countries: “They have no idea, that only an age, where all natural use of force has been supressed, can protect them from that, which their forefathers have suffered.”

That the bulk of Jewry has not listened to the numerous warnings from their own, is one of the many proofs, that the children of Israel in the course of the millenia have never been willing to learn and have at all times made the same mistakes and errors. It is typical, that even a man as brilliant as Walther Rathenau has not himself taken the consequences of just that realization.

Only a relatively small part of Jewry has found its way back to a level-headed composure after decades of assimilation-turmoil and have tried to find a way of countering the flash-back awaiting with historic necessity. We are thinking of the Zionist movement.

Its founder, Theodor Herzl, under the impression of the Dreyfuss-process and the increase of antisemitism in France, in the year 1896 gave his fellow Jews the slogan: “Back to Palaestine” with the book “The Jewish State”. His words and his plan, which he sought to put into action with much energy and great personal idealism, was in its time and at the height of the assimilation epoch an unheard-of daring venture. The response, which Herzls slogan got from his own fellow Jews, was therefore only strong among the masses of Eastern Jews in the enormous Jew reservoirs in Poland, Lithuania and Romania. These azkenazi Jews had no part in the emancipation and assimilation. Their professional and social situation was mostly poor and also their political situation furthered their wish for a state and a country of their own.

However, that part of Jewry was in spite of its numerative superiority poorly equipped for the realization of Herzls plans. They had no prerequisites for living up to the economic and political demands and give them weight. Jewry in Western Europe and America would be able to do that. But precisely these Jews did not want to understand the seriousness of Herzls words. Blinded by the glamour of an appearently golden age, they all but ridiculed Zionism and fought it with all of their might. Also during the following decades, they settled for economic support for the Palaestine-project and contributed only with small groups of practising Zionists.

On the other hand Herzls plans of giving Jewry a “homeland” soon generated intense interest in one of the Western European host countries. Through colonial minister Joseph Chamberlain, England handed the Zionist congress in Basel already in 1903 a large Jewish settlement project in British Uganda. The realization thereof was however in conflict with the attitude of the Zionists, as they insisted on a settlement in Palaestine.

Thus England has with its project acknowledged the existence of a Jewish problem and the acute necessity of solving it at a time, when there was an unshakeable faith in the blessings of assimilation.

In 1917 Zionism was promised by England that it would support “with the greatest efforts” the striving towards establishing a Jewish homeland in Palaestine in the form of the Balfour-declaration. Immediately after the end of the World War the realization of this project was started. To-day, when the Jewish question has become acute all over the world and antisemitism arises in one country after the other, large parts of Jewry in the Western European countries and North America profess to Zionism. But already now after about 20 years, one can not deny that the Palaestinian experiment and thereby the whole of Herzls plan is unrealistic and has in actual fact already failed.

We see this already now by inspecting the bloody encounters, that take place at the moment in Palaestine. They are not the first of their kind; after the Jewish colonization there has not been peace in that country. The basic objections, that reveal that Zionism is a pipe dream, will remain even if the present difficulties should be overcome. Briefly it is the following facts:

Jewry in the mandate of Palaestine is completely dependent upon the mandatory power. It is at the mercy of this state, a factor which is affected by world political events.

1. Until now Zionism has successfully settled around 400.000 Jews in Palaestine. Against them stand 900.000 Arabs, who have lived in that country for over a thousand years. They contest the Jewish claim to Palaestine and insist on a greater right. On their side are 32 million Arabs in Asia Minor and Egypt. Whatever one may think of in order to limit the rights of both parties – it is hardly realistic, that a Jewish state of any degree of stability can be established in Palaestine under such circumstances.

2. The Jews left Palaestine 2.000 years ago. Now they come from all parts of the world, but have no personal relationship to the land, on which they want to found a state.

3. The people, who want to found this state, do not at all have the same culture any more. During the millenia, where they have wandered they have – except from the mutual religion, which however has been abandoned by hundreds of thousands of assimilated Jews – lost the cultural equilibrium and have instead absorbed the most varied elements. They do not even speak the same language any more. Only a few can still speak hebraic and even yiddish is spoken almost exclusively by Eastern Jews.

4. Their completely irrational, unhealthy social structure, their urbanisation, their lack of manual labourers and people, who can build up the country, can just be mentioned in passig in order to shed light upon the unrealistic conditions under which a state is to be founded in Palaestine.

5. Noone who will consider these fact can contest that the Palaestine project is a pipe dream. The whole of Jewry or just a small part of the 16 million Jews of the faith in the world can never find a home there. Herzls way out of the threat of antisemitism has remained impracticable. The Jewish problem has not been solved by his plan.

Thus the assimilation process having lasted around 150 years has come to an end without the Jews having successfully met the counterreaction to be expected with historic regularity.

This counterreaction, the antisemitism – there can really be no more doubt about that – is going in large waves all over the world. One look at the world press shows every day anew, that the responsible leaders in almost all countries to a greater or lesser degree are forced to take measures against this phenomenon. The foreign critics, who say, that antisemitism is merely a German matter, can be contradicted with some famous words from the English Zionist leader, Dr. Chaim Weizmann, who in a heated debate said, that the world can be devided into two groups of countries: those, who want to expell Jews and those, who do not want to recieve Jews.

Out of the first group we mention – just to give a few examples – aside from Germany first and foremost Italy. With extensive legislation they have started excluding the local Jews from the public life and to expell foreign Jews. There is furthermore Poland with more than 3 million Jews, which is more than 10 % of the population, there it has been stated more than a year ago, that the Polish Jewish problem can only be solved by emigration, certain parts of the economic life is already completely out of bonds for Jews. In Hungaria the Daranyi administration has a Jew law, which is now continued by Imredy and which limits the Jewish participation in the economic and the cultural life to a specific, low percentage. In Romania, where there is around 1,5 million Jews, the antisemitic currents have by no means disappeared after the fall of the Goga government, that is witnessed by the extensive measures taken to cancel citizenships, that were given to Jews, who immigrated to Romania after the end of the World War. The present exclusion of the antisemitic party Codreanus can not conceal, that antisemitism in Romania in a power factor, which will take hold of the country sooner or later.

These are all countries in which already strong action has been taken against Jews on the part of the government. It would be going too far to count all the countries in which such action has not yet been taken, but where – as in Czechoslovacia, in Holland, France and also England – antisemitic currents and organisations get more and more influence on the public opinion.

To the second group belongs the states, to which the Jews streamed, when the assimilation era was over and the antisemitism increased more and more. This was mostly over-seas areas, especially the South American states and The South African Union.

These countries had at first readily opened up for Jewish immigration and offered room for building up a new existence. These hospitable countries have meanwhile long since regretted their attitude. Their high-minded immigration laws have been replaced by ever higher and stronger barriers and in actual fact there is hardly any country to-day, which is willing to give Jews lebensraum worth mentioning.

This was demonstrated clearly at the Evian Conference in the summer 1938, which occupied itself with the Jewish immigration problem, but which did not arrive at any result, as none of the states that were represented there would declare themselves ready to recieve immigrating Jews.

It has in the meantime been demonstrated clearly, that Jewry, fleeing from antisemitism, bring the germ of resistance to Jews themselves. It is a century old fact, of which history gives hundres of examples, that antisemitism is inextricably connected to Jews. They carry it with them themselves, wherever Ahasverus goes, they are themselves its carrier and its best propagandist. And that is why we see to-day in every country to which Jews immigrate, where antisemitism was unknown shortly before, strong feelings of hostility towards Jews awaken, which the governments can no longer ignore.

He who studies the Jewish question, unique in its own right, with scientific sincerity and historically responsibly, far from matters of contemporary politics, can no longer maintain the opinion, that only Germany knows antisemitism, let alone that it should be a German invention.

An objective view also disproves the opinion, that has been voiced now and then, that the increase in antisemitism should be only a result of the German example. In a way a fiever, that has taken hold of the whole world. To that one must ask the question: does anyone really believe, that it is possible, that an entire world is ceased by an ideology for which there is not already strong forces present, which are only waiting for an impulse coming from the outside?

It is really not so strange that the German way of handling the Jewish question has resounded all over the world. Germany thereby suffers the same fate as everybody else who demonstrates courage and independence enough to stand up for a conviction, that changes the conditions of their era. All great human realizations have won acceptance through struggles and sacrifices. Anyone who stood up against an outlived dogma, has had to carry the heavy lot of the revolutionary. It was no different for the forerunners of the Frensh revolution, who overthrew the outlived dogmas of absolutism with the great slogans of liberalism. They had the united front of all of Europe against them.

If one really want to understand the position of Germany in the Jewish question one must see it in the light of general realization, which national socialism has taken as a basis for a renewal of all of the German way of life: within the framework of the popular and racial view of history. That means that the races and the people, which have arisen from them in their difference and multitude are part of the devine order of things. Every people is by destiny given the task of unfolding its uniqueness freely and completely. But it sins against creation and must succumb, if it lets its fate be influenced by forces that are strangers to its uniqueness. Then it does not matter, how these strange forces are. They can be good or bad, the only thing that matters is the fact, that they are strange to the uniqueness of that people, that has collided with them.

In the history of the nations the decline of the Roman Empire is the most convincing example of the validity of this law. The uniqueness and creativity of the Roman people had to decay because the nucleus of the Roman people, who created this mighty empire, was more and more dislodged by foreign forces: elements of strange cultures dominated the Roman spiritual life, the social life and the trade was taken over by foreigners, especial oriental workers, and the Roman State was finally represented by a mainly Germanic army.

Also the smallest unit in any people, the family, is governed by this law. Precisely the people, which are of Germanic origin, have a strong and certain family-awareness, i.e. they know, that in any family there is a tradition, which is formed by generations of certain characteristics, a special way of life, which is decisive for the fate and the development of the family. Where this family-awareness is alive it is carefully seen to that no foreign element disturbs the traditional lifestyle and spiritual life of the family; the new members, that enter in by marriage, must “fit in”. Many of the large families, that have won historic reputation, have been aware of this, even to the point of practising incest.

Based on this popular and racial view of history, Germany has now as the first country learned from the two thousand year history of the Jewish question with relentless consequence.

If one considers these conclusions more closely, one sees clearly precisely the reasons why the one of the two possible solutions to the Jewish question was doomed to failure. It demonstrates why the Jews can never be successfully absorbed and why antisemitism must reoccur regularly.

One can summarize these results as follows:

1. The Jewish question is not a question of religion – it is exclusively a racial issue. The racial composition of Jewry is mostly Oriental and Middle Eastern elements, strange and not related to any existing European people. It is therefore especially important to stress, that for the German attitude the strangeness alone is decisive. There is no question of evaluating the racial worth or lack of same of Jewry. Not even the emancipationperiod, where Jews by the millions converted to Christianity has removed this racially conditioned strangeness. There are numerous testimonies to that. Dr. Walther Rathenau in his aforementioned writing “Listen, Israel” mentiones it: “In the middle of the German life, an isolated, stange human tribe. On the soil of Mark Brandenburg an Asian horde.” And the well known Jewish writer, Jakob Klatzkin declares with even more clarity in his writing “Crisis and doom of Judaism” (1921) the following: “In relation to the sedentary populations everywhere, we are strangers and we will ridgidly cling to our uniqueness”. Both statements stem from a period, where the Jewish emancipation was at its peak!

2. Jewry has been wandering for 2.000 years. Its home is the world. Because of its historic background it cannot and will not ever know national ties, because of its completely abnormal structure, where first and foremost the class of peasants and handworkers are not represented at all, it has no connection to the soil of the host nation and to the broader, state-carrying classes.

3. Because of racial traits and historic fate the Jews are attracted to certain trades, i.e. those which by their effect and nature reaches out over the national borders. In this way they have during the emancipation period more and more come to control the leadership of public opinion, the stock exchange and the capital market, trade, certain cultural functions and finally politics. These key positions they came to control completely and thereby forced their strangeness upon all of public life.

4. Precisely the time of emancipation and assimilation, when it was believed, that all segregation had been removed, set the Jews from the Eastern European ghettos in motion and lured them into the liberated Western societies of Europe and North America. F.ex. between 1890 and 1900 around 200.000 Jews migrated into England and the government was forced to establish a commission that suggested limiting this migration. Into the United States, where to day lives more than one fourth of the Jews of the world, came 1.5 million Jews between 1912 and 1935. These huge migrations have caused the Jewish question to become as acutely interesting as it is to-day, because it made the absorbtion of Jews, which had been hoped for and believed in illusory and hastened the Jewish domination in the countries.

This state of almost complete Jewish domination had been reached in Germany before the national socialists took over the Government. A strange race, rootless and without any personal relationship to the country, had taken over Germany. The strangers influenced all of the German spiritual life and had forced its altering quality upon the organism. National socialism thus found itself faced with the task of somehow solving the Jewish problem, which had become a threat to German existence.

Objective foreign observers have already for a long time pointed out the need for a thorough solution to the German Jewish problem and acknowledged the need for it plainly. In december 1910 f.ex. “Times” critic wrote in his review of a book by Houston Stuart Chamberlain “The Basis for the 19^th Century” of the Jewish question in Germany: “Almost everything has fallen into Jewish hands, not only the economy, but also the press, theatre, film etc. Precisely all that, which influences the German mind. It cannot be expected that the Germans will put up with it in the long run. One day there will have to be a showdown.”

As a solution to the Jewish problem by absorbing Jewry, through its complete adaptation into public life, had failed, because the Jews had demonstrated, that they were impossible to assimilate, national socialism could only choose the other one out of two possible courses of action to solve the Jewish problem: radical segregation.

Only then did critiscism from abroad set in from all sides. Also foreign critics, who are convinced of the historic facts of the Jewish question, and who acknowledge the natural need for antisemitism, declare again and again, that it was the German methods, which were employed to solve the Jewish problem, that are inhuman and barbarian in their relentless consequence. Psychologically as well as concretely-politically this reproach is of far-reaching consequences for the attitude of the civilized world towards Germany. It is therefore necessary to discuss it thoroughly.

It is indisputable – and here it is by no means denied – that the German Jewish policy has broken many hearts and – in individual cases – had injustice as a consequence. It is not to be denied either, that many of the Jews, who have been affected by the German precautions, have believed honestly, that they had completely become Germans. As public servants, artists or tradespeople and also as soldiers during the World War, they have wanted to serve the country to the best of their ability.

If one wants to understand why Germany solved the Jewish problem in such an extensive manner, with such thorough methods, one must disregard individual cases and realize, that no legislation, no political act is possible without causing several cases of greater or lesser unreasonableness and injustice. It is no different than by a surgical intervention. Also the doctor, who wants to remove the cause of an illness must remove healthy tissue around the affected area. Only in this way he can save and cure the affected organism.

The German attitude towards the Jewish question can only be fully understood, if one keeps in mind, that the incessant migration into German public life – which has already been implied above – during the last few decades has been the cause of great national disaster. The World War, which had dire consequences for Germany, the following period of break-down of every political and economic order, the complete decay of the cultural life, the hollowing out of all virtues and moral values in all areas of life – this period of the deepest German degradation coincided exactly with the completion of Jewish emancipation, with the height of Jewish power in Germany – just like the critic in “Times” had predicted in 1910.

This interchange between general need and Jewish power, one of the honest souls of Judaism, Theodor Herzl, had formulated more than a generation earlier, and it is of particular importance, because it is by no means limited to Germany, but is general to the whole Jewish question. In his “Zionist Writings” (Vol. I, p. 238/39) Herzl characterizes the role of Judaism with bitter self-realization as follows:

“Here and there there are a couple of people, whose financial threads circumvent the whole world. Here are a couple of people, qui font la plui et le beau temps (who makes the rain and the sunshine) in the vital issues of the nations. But every invention benefits only themselves, with every case of need their power grows. And for what do they use this power? Have they put it at the service of any good purpose, do they help their own people, which is doing so bitterly badly? ... Without them one can not wedge war or make peace. They hold the credit of the nations and the affairs of each individual nation in their greedy hands. The new inventions must beg humbly in front of their door and with arrogance they judge about the needs of their fellow human beings.”

Nothing is better suited to cleanse Germany of the accusations, that it acted against the laws of humanity, than a thorough demonstration of the degree to which the bitter words of Theodor Herzl had become agonized reality, what miseable experience forced Germany to solve its Jewish problem by radical segregation of all Jewish influence for all time.

We shall here try to show a cross section of the role and influence of German Jewry at the height of the emancipation period, that is to say at the time, when national socialism took over the government in Germany.

1. Population figures and the social structure of the Jews

It is necessary to get an idea of the numerical strength of the German Jews in this period, of their distribution in the areas of the country and of their social structure.

Accordig to the census of 1925, the last before the national socialists took over there was in Germany out of a population of 62,5 million, 546.379 followers of the Jewish faith. That is somewhat less than 1 % of the population.

It should be noted, that this figure only included persons of the Jewish faith, not those of Jewish descent, who had converted to the Christian faith or through dissidence had rejected their Jewish faith. A census of everyone of Jewish descent did not exist at all. The statistics knew Jews only by their faith. Not until now have we begun in Germany to form a picture of the penetration of blood-relations with the German people. These investigations are not yet concluded. They have as yet to be worked out in detail. Therefore all the following statistics are based on number of persons of the Jewish faith.

However, we do have at our disposal some trustworthy investigations by the Jews themselves, first and foremost the works of Heinrich Silbergleit, “The population conditions of the Jews in the German Reich”. (Berlin 1930) and by Dr. Alfred Marcus “The crisis of the economic life of the German Jews” (Berlin 1931). As we are for the most part citing in support these studies, we also counter the suspicion, that our presentation is coloured by hostility towards Jews.

We have so far seem that the total number of Jews of the faith in 1925 was somewhat less than 1 % of the population.

more exactly 0,90 %. However, the regional distribution was by no means even. Whilst only a very small part of the population in the rural areas such as Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Thüringen or Anhalt (0,16 to 0,32 %) the Jews were concentrated in larger numbers in towns and cities, above all Preussia, Hamburg or Hessen (1,05 to 1,72%). For the biggets province in the country, Preussia, the census showed that almost 73 % of all Jews sat lumped together while the corresponding figures for the non-Jewish part of the population in larger cities with more than 100.000 citizens was only around 30 %.

A comparison with the figures of the census’ since 1871 show, that the number of Jews in the rural districts of Germany was steadily dwindling, whilst it was increasing in the cities.

This amounts to an enormous migration of German Jews inside the country during the previous 50 years, an urbanization-process, the main cause of which was the rapidly growing emancipation of the Jews since the for Germany successful French-German war in 1871.

One of the main targets of this Jewish migration inside the country, was the capital of Berlin where the number of Jews had tripled between 1871 and 1910 (from 36.000 to 90.000). In this metropolis, the central point of the political, economic and cultural life in the country the German Jewry had made its headquarters. Here it unfolded freely its foreign nature, all of its qualities stemming from a foreign race.

The census of 1925 showed for Berlin about 4 million inhabitants out of which 172.500 persons or 4,25 % were Jews – that is more than four times the number of Jews in the population at large. Thereby Berlin, the capital of the largest province in

the country housed 42 % of the roughly 400.000 Preussian Jews.

Out of these 172.500 Berlin Jews no less than 25 % had foreign citizenship. This fact clearly sheds some light on the rootlessness of Jewry. Out of the 400.000 Jews in Preussia almost one fourth or 18,5 % had non-German citizenship.

In order to fully understand the significance of these figures, one must consider, that Jewry in the big cities could reach such numerical strength although it was precisely in those areas, that it was subject to a number of diminishing factors.

This was only possible because there was a steady inflow of Eastern Jews, especially during and after the end of the World War. And it was indeed this immigration of Eastern Jews, which through the inflow of culturally, economically hungry and morally unscrupulous elements, brought about an intensification of the German Jewish question.

Among the diminishing factors of Jewry are firstly the lower fertility in comparison with the rest of the population; furthermore recently the increasing tendency to leave the mosaic religious community and finally the increasing number of marriages to non-Jews.

It gives an idea of the encroachment of Jewry into the German people as a result of marriage, that in the period between 1923 and 1932 an average of three Jewish men in Berlin who married only two would marry a Jewess whilst one would marry a non-Jewess. For the Jewish women the figures was only slightly smaller. In the year 1926 there was even 64 mixed marriages for every 100 marriages, that is to say that for every three Jewish marriages there was two mixed ones. In all of Germany at the same time there was for every 100 marriages more than 50 mixed ones, that is to say, that for every two Jewish marriages there was one mixed one.

It is self-evident that this completely one-sided regional distruibution of the German Jews with their systematic migration from rural districts and their clumping themselves together in the cities was unhealthy and fatal.

Also the professional structure suffered from such onesidedness. Also here the statistics show, that Jewry was a tree without roots, without a healthy anchoring in social life. This abnormal grouping consisted in the Jews preferring almost exclusively trade and professions in industry and traffic, whereas physical work in the rural areas, workmanship and such was shunned.

One can verify this fact by the figures of the count of professions, that took place in 1925 in the different provinces of the country. This figures f.ex for the provinces of Preussia, Würtemberg and Hessen gave the following picture of the distribution of the Jews in various professions:

Profession	Preussia	Würtemberg	Hessen
Trade and traffic	58,8%	64,6%	69%
Industry	25,8%	24,6%	22%
Agriculture	1,7%	1,8%	4%

It is now often said, that through pressure from outside, as a result of their political and social position, of ghetto and boykot Jews have been barred from the professions of agriculture and trade. On the contrary, where the German Jews were many in rural districts, f.ex. in the then provinces of Posen and Hessen-Nassau, they had every opportunity to settle down as tradesmen or farmers. There were no barriers or prohibitions. In spite of this, they preferred to achieve effortless gain as traders of cattle, grain or fertilizer, but above all of money.

In his investigation of the reasons for the breakdown in his people (“The ruin of the German Jews”, Berlin 1921) the well known economic theoretic Felix A. Theilhaber shows the fact, that the socalled primary production does not appeal the the basic Jewish nature. He admits, that first and foremost racial predisposition places Jews in the socalled mediator occupations, which above all seem to offer them occupational success and material security. Theilhaber arrives at the following interesting conclusion:

“Agriculture has no attraction for German Jews ... specific character ... inheritance ...and economic preconditions leads them to prefer certain professions ... And so it is self-evident, that German Jewry develops certain domains and types (the Jewish assistant in the outfitter shop, agent, lawyer, medical doctor) The special Jewish character can also be seen in other occupations (warehouses, furtrade, tobacconist, even the press). One of the special Jewish traits is the drive towards individuality, to make oneself independent, and to achieve the best possible material situation.”

Among the occupations mentioned by the Jewish author it was mostly medical doctor and lawyer, which the Jews preferred, because these in particular offered them considerable material possibilities. The Jewish influence in these professions was therefore particulaly heavy, eventually it became outright domineering.

Out of a total of roughly 50.000 doctors there was in 1932 6.488, that is 13 %. Thus they took up ten times a many positions, as their part of the whole population. (It is also significant that they were overrepresented in the area of specialists in venereal decease.)

In the capital of Berlin the percentage of doctors that were Jews was even higher, as much as 42 %, even 52 % of the general practitioners. Out of the consultants in the numerous Berlin hospitals 45 % were of Jewish descent.

Also the figures showing the Jewish ingress into the professions of lawyers and notaries reveal an enormous disproportion considering the number of Jews in the whole population. In the year 1933 in Preussia out of the 11.795 admitted lawyers 3.350 or about 30 % were Jews; out of the 6.236 notaries 2.051 or 33 % were Jews. Furthermore, the figures in the capital of Berlin were even higher, here they were as much as 48 to 56 %.

It must further be taken into consideration, that also in the administration and the legal system many of the leading positions were held by unbaptized or baptized Jews. Concerning the professorships in the Universities the situation was the same. That is proven by the following statistics from three leading German universities in the year 1931. (In addition to law and medicine, philosophy is also taken into consideration, as it shows the same manifestation of abnormal Jewish ingress.)

Faculty	Berlin	Breslau	Frankfurt a. M.
Law	Out of 44 lecturers 15 Jews = 34 %	Out of 23 lecturers 6 Jews = 26 %	Jewish lecturers 33 %
Medicine	Out of 265 lecturers 118 = 43 %	Out of 101 lecturers 43 Jews = 43 %	Jewish lecturers 28 %
Philosophy	Out of 268 lecturers 85 Jews = 31 %	Out of 107 lecturers 26 Jews = 25 %	Jewish lecturers 32 %

Two of the most important areas of the state, law and healthcare, was thereby in the most serious danger of falling into the hands of Jewry.

2. Jews in the German economy

Even more important was the Jewish overrepresentation in German economy. In accordance with the facts given above, trade was the main domain of Jewry. It should first be said that their “great” period was the time of the inflation in Germany (1919 to 1923). It was a time when one achieved less with productive, strenous work than with speculation and trade instinkt. So Jewish concerns sprouted up like mushrooms in those years. We shall here just mention the names Jakob Michael, Rishard Kahn and Jacob Shapiro and the corrupt businesses of the Austrian speculators Siegfried Basel and Castiglioni, who have also achieved dubious fame outside of the German borders. All of these enterprises broke down after they had cost the German people enormous sums when the time of the inflation was over and solid work was reinstated.

The already quoted Jewish statistician Dr. Alfred Marcus has investigated the Jewish parttaking in the various fields of German economy in his study of “The economic crisis of the German Jews” in the year 1931. He arrives at the following interesting result:

In the year 1930 out of a total of 603 firms in metal trade 346 or 57,3 % were on Jewish hands. In scrap metal out of 514 firms 211 or 41 %; in grain out of 6.809 firms 1.543 or 22,7 %; in textile retail out of 9.984 firms 3.9388 or 39,4 %; in ladieswear even out of 133 retailers 81 or 60,9 %. In the special fields of art- and booktrade, which are also of great cultural importance several of the most important firms were Jewish in their nature. Here we just mention S. Fischer, Cassirer, Flechtheim, Ullstein and Springer.

It is even more important to consider the money trade, i.e. banking. Here almost all leading posts were on non-arian hands. In more detail the following were Jewish respective half-Jewish:

In “Deutsche Bank und Discontogesellschaft” (1929) both directors of the board and four of the twelve members of the board; in the “Darmstädter Lind Nationalbank” the chairman of the board and two of his deputies, further three of the five personally responsible members of the board; in the “Dresdner Bank” (1928) the chairman of the board and his deputy, further three of the seven board members; in the “Berliner Handelsgesellschaft” finally all three principals.

Also the big private banks were almost totally on Jewish hands. Here we just mention the well known firms Arnhold, Behrens, Warburg, Bleichröder, Mendelssohn, Goldschmidt-Rothschild, Dreyfuss, Bondi und Maron, Aufhäuser, Oppenheim, Levy, Speyer-Elissen, Heimann, Stern.

With the central point in these economic key positions the Jewish influence branched out into all links in the German industry. “Adressbook of directors and chairmen of the board”, which came out in 1930 – that is long before the national socialists came into power – shows, how really frightening the influence of these Jews or Jewish led capital concentrations had become in German economy.

At the very top there is the Jewish banker Jakob Goldschmidt with 115 chairman of the board posts, on the second place the also Jewish banker Louis Hagen with 62 mandates. On the third place we find a non-Jewish lawyer, but then follows in the next four places four Jewish bankers with 166 chairman of the board posts in all. Also the rest is Jews almost all the way through.

This really enormous and unhealthy accumulation of board posts in the hands of a small group of Jewish money lenders was in no way consistent with a conscientious fulfilment of the duties, which are connected to this office, on the contrary, it offered a wealth of possibilities for easy gain to a very large extent. This is one of the most important reasons for the discrediting of the political and economic system during these years and one of the reasons for the spreading of antisemitism in the general public of Germany.

Evidently the control of German industry by means of the Jewish system of controlling the managements went hand in hand with direct control of Jewry of the industrial production. As it is a large and widespread area, we can only give a few examples, which do not at all describe the widespread web of Jewry.

In the electronics industry f.ex. we can mention AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitätsgesellschaft); it had been established by the Jew Emil Rathenau and after the World War it belonged under two Jews. In the metalindustry Frankfurter Metalbank controlled almost the whole market lead by the Jew Merton. The Osram-works, which was leading in the glowlampindustry, were controlled by the Jew Meinhardt. The largest German rubberfactories, Continental in Hannover and Calmon in Hamburg, was established by Jews or had Jewish management. The leatherindustry was controlled by the Jewish firms Adler and Oppenheim, Salamander and Conrad Tack A.G. The iron market was controlled by the Jew Ottmar Strauss. In the potash industry the influence of the Jew Hugo Herzfeld was considerable. In the heavy industry sector Paul Silverberg was the one, who controlled the Rhine browncoalindustry and the brothers Petschek had the same function in the mid-German browncoal area.

Also in the trade organizations and its authorities of the economic life the number of Jews was abnormally high. First and foremost in the industry and chamber of commerce. In the largest German institute of this kind, in the Berliner industry and chamber of commerce – just to give an example – in the year 1931 out of 98 members 50 were Jews or half Jews, out of the 1.300 members of the technical committees 400, out of the 209 commercial judges in the chamber 131; in the board of the chamber was a president and 5 vicepresidents, thereof the president himself and three of his deputies were non-arians.

It was even worse in the stock exchange. Also here the stock exchange of the capital is mentioned as an example, as it was of course the most important one of its kind. In Berlin out of the 36 members of the board of the security stock exchange 25 were Jews, at the produce exchange out of 16 members of the board 10 were Jews; in the department for terminal trade out of 18 members of the board 15 were Jews; in the stock exchange committee out of 23 members of the board 18 were Jews. Out of a total of 70 members of the board for the whole stock exchange 45 were Jews. Also the customers of the stock exchange were mostly Jews, f.ex. in the year 1930 out of 1474 independent customers in the security stock exchange 1200 were verified to be Jews, in the produce stock exchange out of 578 customers about 520 were Jews, and in the metal stock exchange even out of 89 cxustomers 80 were Jews.

It is clear, that also the central bank of the German Reich, the Reichbank could not in the long run avoid the almost monopoly-like status, which Jewry had in capital trade and in all important positions in the economic life. So already in the time between 1925 and 1929 out of 6 members of the board (Generalrat) four were Jews or half-Jews. Out of the members of the central board even all three were non-arians as also two of their deputies.

Here it is also necessary to compare the above prevailing quantitative evaluation of the Jewish parttaking in German economy to the qualitative side.

The following must be taken into consideration:

By the above mentioned count of the distribution of professions in the various German provinces in the year 1925, it was shown, that in the largest city of the country, Preussia, among a total of 3 million people engaged in commerce or industry, who had an independent or leading position, about 92.000 were Jews of the faith. That meant, that 48 % of all Jews engaged in commerce or industry were in leading positions, whilst the corresponding figure for the rest of the population was only 16 %.

If one compares this figure with the number of Jews in the group of people employed as workers, the completely abnormal structure of Jewry shows up in a glaring light: In Preussia there was in 1925 a total of about 8,9 million workers (i.e. 46,9 % of everyone engaged in active employment) thereof Jews only 16.000 (i.e. 8,4 % of all Jews engaged in active employment). The percentage of Jews in leading positions was three times as high as in the total population, but sank gradually among workers to one 6^th of the rest of the population and was on an average down to almost zero.

By such a supplementary qualitative evaluation it is seen even clearer, that all of the German economic life was under an alarming Jewish dominance and even in the decisive, leading positions.

It is not surprising, that this dominance of the German economic life was also expressed through an especially high income for the Jewish part of the population. It is hard to give exact figures. We shall therefore once again refer to the Jewish statistician Dr. Alfred Marcus as a witness. He estimates the average Jewish income for the year 1930 to be 3,2 times higher than the average for the rest of the population!

In order to summarize the results of the information given above, it must be maintained that the Jews had established themselves in a completely one-sided manner in trade, product- as well as capital trade and that here they had moved up into leading positions. Agriculture as well as other productive lines of work on the other hand, was almost anxiously shunned. Added to that came the abnormal concentration of Jews in the larger cities first and foremost in the capital of Berlin.

It does not take much to see that such an abnormal social and regional structure must bring about enormous tension, even really serious disturbances in the public life. And that would have had to happen even if the Jews had utilized the abused positions with more wise restraint and understanding adaptation to the wishes and spirit of the host country, than they did. This tension would have to bring about an explosion, as the Jews, blinded by the glamour of their success dropped all limitations and unfolded their stangeness without any inhibitions. Nowhere has the lack of restraint of Jewry come to a clearer expression that during this period of economic and political corruption that was the situation in Germany in the years after the world war.

3. The Jews and the corruption

One can actually speak of a corruption-epedemic, which was ravaging the public life during those years. It was in no way limited to Germany. In Europe and America almost all countries were affected. Everywhere in these cases of corruption Jews played the leading part, be it the case of Hanau, Oustric and Stavisky in France, Insull in the United States or Bosel, Berliner and Castiglioni in the then Austria.

It is not strange, that the signs of illness precisely in the years after the great scatterings of the World War, showed up in the form of frequent corruption scandals. But it is on the other hand typical of the Jewish nature, that is was precisely them, who to a large degree made themselves the carriers and the benefactors of this dissolution process.

It is understandable, that Germany, as the looser of the World War, was hit particularly hard by the corruption bug. During the heavy times of need, which Germany had been through after the dictates of the Versailles treaty, as no other country it came to know Jewry as exploiter and benefactor of its national disaster.

The list of Jewish profit-makers who, during these terrible years of misery, fell upon the German economy, which was breaking down, and who thereby brought about its complete decay, reaches from the smart entrepeneur and inflation speculator over all kinds of corrupt soldiers of fortune to the outright grand scale criminals. In hardly any other place has Jewish nature with its distinct selfishness, its unscrupulousness and its desire for quick earnings unfolded itself so unrestrained as in German economy during these years.

The war enterprises which during the world war had seen to the regulation of the production and trade with German raw materials, their import and administation, had fallen more and more into Jewish hands. The largest of them, the Central Purchasing Company among others was led by Jews; in the especially important War Metal A.G., out of 14 members of the board 12 were Jews. The only reason it did not come to a public scandal because of the business methods of these Jews was that the political and military development burdened Germany with far too many worries.

By the end of the war came the big time for the Jewish corruption. The liquidation of the armament factories and the dissolution of the army offered opportunities for enormous gain – opportunities which were mostly taken advantage of by Jewish enterprises. F.ex. the Jew Richard Kahn secured for himself a contract with “Deutsche Werken”, the largest state owned armament enterprise, which brought him a fortune for this enormous installation at – the prise of scrap iron!

In this devaluated economy, that is in the years of inflation between 1919 and 1923, the corrupt speculators celebrated special triumphs. It was precisely Jews, who at the time, when the investments took place mostly at the stock exchange by means of dubious or outright fraudulent pseudotransactions built up giant concerns. It was these enterprises, colossus’ with feet of clay, which at first yielded huge profits, but which soon broke down again. The best known names in connection with this kind of enterprises were the Jews Jakob Michael, Richard Kahn, and the Eastern Jews the brothers Ciprut. Of these brothers the Jewish writer Pinner says in his book mentioned above: “Their signature is: financial soldiers of fortune coming from the wilderness of Southeast Romania or Persia and wrapped in the stench of the putrefaction of the German valuta.”

However, all of these cases were not even the really, decisive reason, why the Jewish question in Germany became such a burning problem for all of the German people. They took place during a period, where all limitaitons, all ties, all econimic and political order was loosened, in time they went into the general chaos after the war and were in many cases measured by the popular feeling which was used on the abnormal events of those times. But nothing opened the eyes of the German people to the true nature of Jewry and enflamed their antisemitism as the really large cases of corruption that were simply of a purely criminal nature and which through their mixture of business- and political interests became public scandals.

We refer here to the cases of the brothers Sklarz, the brothers Barmat, the brothers Sklarek, the brothers Rotter, furthermore the scandal with Michael Holzmann and Ludwig Katzenellenbogen. All of these corrupt Jews with the only exception of Katzenellenbogen were Eastern Jews, who had immigrated into Germany during and after the world war.

The first of these grand cases of corruption was about the five brothers Sklarz. By using good connections to opinion leaders in the socialdemocratic party, right at the end of the war they succeeded in getting a monopoly on the delivery of material for the troops, which were responsible for reestablishing internal order. Thereby they acquired a fortune that ran into millions in a very short time. By all sorts of shady business methods they increased their wealth by bribing politicians. It was also because of such methods, that the court case, which finally brought them to trial only shed very little light on the matter and after endless delaying in the year 1926 only lead to the conviction of one of the brothers.

The brothers Sklarz were closely connected to one of the most unscupulous people on the black market, the russian Jew Parvus-Helphand. By means of his millions, made on war deliveries he had got himself good connections in the social democracy then in power and he was behind many corruption scandals, but noone dared sue him, because he had too many members of the government in the palm of his hand.

The three brothers Barmat carried themselves in an even more grandiose style than the brothers Sklarz. They came from Kiev and supported themselves during the war as suppliers of food in Holland. By intervention of the Jewish politician Heilmann, the brothers Sklarz and Parvus-Helphand obtained entry permit for Germany. Through refined abuse of human frailties, through small and big favours, which developed into regular bribes, they won influential friends among leading men in the government. In this way they became the owners of ten banks and a large number of industrial enterprises in a short time. Based on false invoices they obtained a credit for 38 million mark, which were obtained partly from the Preussian statebank, partly from the postal ministry of the Reich. When the blown-up Barmat concern folded, its debt was 70 million goldmark, half of which had to be covered by small depositors.

The court case against the brothers Barmat ended with quite insignificant prison sentences. However, the then Reich chancellor was so incriminated that he had to leave his post.

After his German enterprise had collapsed Julius Barmat went abroad. In his new homeland he successfully used the same methods, which had already been tested in Germany. Through bribing of influential people he obtained credit thereby damaging the Belgian National Bank for an amount of 34 million goldmarks. In order to avoid being convicted he finally committed suicide in 1937.

Less successful that their predecessors, but notable enough were the Jews Iwan Baruch, Alexander Kutisker and Michael Holzmann. The victim of their deceitful manipulations was the Preussian statebank, which had already been decieved by the Barmats. Through decietful credit it was damaged for a value of 14 million goldmark.

The absolutely biggest scandal was made by the brothers Sklarek. By their widespread infiltration into politics, business and bribery, this case is without comparison the biggest swindle and the looser was the capital of Germany, Berlin.

By a refined system of favours, presents and all kinds of contributions the smart brothers Sklarek bought unlimited support from the leading men in the various public offices in Berlin – it was mostly social demokrats and communists. In this way they obtained a complete monopoly on all delivery of clothing to the metropolis of Berlin, whether it be equipment for the police, the trafficnet, welfare clients or streetsweepers. All state employees, who in one way or another seemed important for obtaining this monopoly, were bribed. Even the Chief Burgomaster! In that way it was possible, the the state bank, the finance institute of the capital, without question paid Sklarek the feigned bills for supplies of clothing, which had not really been delivered to a large extent. When Sklareks firm finally suspended payments, the state bank had lost 12,5 million mark; other losses for a value of about 10 million marks could not longer be verified.

The process against Sklarek in the year 1932, lasted nine months and in accordance with the wrath of the people it resulted in a somewhat harsher punishment than the processes in the earlier cases. Two of the brothers (one had passed away in the meantime) were sentenced to several years of prison.

Finally there was the case of the Jewish managing director Katzenellenbogen. He was the leader of the concern Schultheiss-Patzenhofer, one of the great German industial enterprises with a share capital of 75 million marks and a preference capital of 15 million. Through unscrupulous speculations for personal gain, which harmed the concern, he brought the enterprise onto the verge of bankruptcy. The shareholders lost an amount of about 30 million marks. Part of the profits Katzenellenbogen had used to support the bolschevik theatre director Erwin Piscator. He was sentenced to prison for embezzlement and for manipulating the books.

The last of a long series of corruption scandals, was the case of the brothers Rotter. In their concern the two Jewish speculators had gathered seven of the biggest theatres in Berlin. The better to exploit the enterprise, they had established several companies, the managenment of which were in the hands of front men that were willing but ignorant of business. Out of these concerns they pressed f.ex. in a year (1932), after all deductions a net income of 300.000 mark, not including a monthly income of 2.000 mark, which each of the brothers had given themselves. Another 400.000 marks they recieved from a feign contract with two cultural enterprises. Whilst non-Jewish actors employed by their theatres generally recieved a miserable income, the Jewish stars preferred by the Rotters recieved fantastic amounts (1.000 to 2.500 mark for one single night was not uncommon). They themselves lived in profuse luxury. And then one day in the year 1932 the Rotter-concern collapsed with a debt of 3,5 million mark. The brothers Rotter themselves evaded the responsibility and fled to Liechtenstein, where they had secured citizenship for themselves.

It should also be briefly mentioned that Austria got its share of Jewish corruption scandals. Aside from Castiglioni and Bosel we are particularly referring to the Jewish grand swindler Berliner. As managing director for the large insurance company “Phönix” he abused the capital of his company for political business. He maintained good contacts with all political parties and paid for appointments to offices for a sum total of 3 million schilling in bribery. Over the years he influenced the press with 170 million schilling. The unions as well as the military organization “Heimwehr” were generously supported even with the capital from his own company. In this way the debts of the “Phönix” eventually accumulated to the huge sum of 670 million schilling. 330.000 policyholders, almost all of limited means had to pay for these corruption losses in the form of higher premiums and lesser service.

This list of Jewish corruption makes no claim to being complete. It is limited to the cases which attracted special attention in Germany and beyond her borders and which had a certain economic order of magnitude. But already this account is sufficient to rebuff the objection which is often heard from Jews, that Jews were no more involved in corruption than non-Jewish businessmen. It has been ascertained that there was only two large scale corruption cases during this period the principal debtors of which were non-Jews (the case of Raifeissen-Bank and the Lahusen scandal). The Jewish part of the corruption thus is not only percentually, but altogether completely dominating.

It is, however, decisive by an evaluation of the Jewish corruption that the judicial expiation of all of these offences were endlessly dragged out or even deliberately prevented, and if any punishment was given at all, it was completely inadequate. The reason for this phenomenon was to be found in the fact that a widespread kinship and related interests existed between the Jewish swindlers and the leading men in the government and all of the officials. And here again there were Jews on numerous important posts.

We have already referred to this connection. Aside from the already mentioned Jewish member of parlament of the social democrats, Heilmann, who functioned as esquire for the brothers Barmat and similarly the half-Jewish secretary of state Abegg, we mention here as examples of a corrupt offical class the Preussian secretary of state and commisioner of the state for public order, Dr. Weissmann, and the deputy president of the police for the capital of Berlin, Dr. Weiss. Both had important public offices for the keeping of law and order, dr. Weismann was even the highest public servant in the large German province of Preussia.

Dr. Weismann played a particularly sinister role in the process against the brothers Sklarz. It can be characterized by the fact that Weismann offered the public servant, who was to lead the investigations of the swindlers, Gutjahr, 3 million marks as a bribe, to get him to write his report favourably and that he later gave Gutjahr a disciplinary punishment, because the conscientious public servant did not comply with this demand.

Both Weismann and Dr. Weiss were big gamblers privately. Even the Jewish magazine “Weltbühne” reproached Weismann in the year 1920 for being “one of the most disreputable gamblers in Berlin”. President of the police Dr. Weiss was in 1932 taken redhanded at forbidden gambling in disreputable gambling clubs; through the chamber of justice of Berlin it was even proven that he was guilty of several punishable offences and “not having the moral fibre necessary for his highly responsible office”.

4. Jews in German politics

At the time of the German Empire the Jews had not yet played any leading role in the political life, at least not as far as the appointments to leading offices goes. At the time of the revolution 1918 and the introduction of a new constitution this situation changed radically. We shall not here go into the question of whether the new form of government would fit the views and aptitude of Jewry. But it is a fact that from November 1918 a regular Jewish onslaught on the leading positions in the country and the provinces was made.

Among the six socalled “Volksbeauftragten”, who formed the first government after the collapse, there was two Jews (Hugo Haase and Otto Landsberg). In Bayern the Jew Kurt Eisner lead a chaotic regime as primeminister. In Preussia the Jew Paul Hirsch took over the same office. In the first government, which had been formed on a parliamentary basis (1919) there was 5 Jews. Several of the most important offices in the parliament was occupied by Jews.

In order to be able to appreciate the significance of this fact, it must be taken into consideration, that the Jewish abuse of the political leadership coincided with a period of political weakness, which lead to defaetism and shameless submission outwardly and complete organizational dissolution inwardly. Having lost the World War which would have to bring about a fundamental change for Germanys position outwardly and for the domestic politics is not sufficicient explanation for that. Also abroad it will be admitted looking back at this period, that a dignified attitude could only have bettered Germanys position, but the submissive attitude of Jewish politicians only forstered contempt and worsened the national misfortune.

It was by no means all Jews who were satisfied with the change from constitutional monarcy to a parliamentary-republican constitution. The Jewish writer Rudolf Schay testifies to that in his book published i 1929 in “Jews in German politics”. Here he states as follows:

“Among the forces, who wanted to carry on the revolution and which were not satisfied with a democratic-republican constitution, but strove for the fulfilment of the final socialist requirement, Jews played a predominant role: Rosa Luxemburg, Eisner, Landauer.”

This “fulfilment of the final socialist requirement” was nothing but the realization of the communist manifest, the father of which was the Jew Marx. However, this was only possible by abandoning all of the national ideals and interests of the German people.